Electric Vehicle (EV) Battery Operating Requirements:

For large capacity battery is required to achieve the appropriate category. A typical electric car and driving style depending on the surrounding area uses 150-250 watts mph. Battery deep discharged regularly (80% DOD) operations should be able to The energy content with maximum and deep discharge in full the power is designed to ensure long distance. Potential need for a range of vehicles using different patterns and sizes to satisfy the need.

Should accept too many repetitive pulsed charging currents (5C above) If necessary regenerative braking. Regenerative braking, controlled conditions and low duty rates are possible without charge. (At least desirable-2C). Regularly receives a full charge. Often reaches almost completely discharged. Important to fuel empty "point" gauging. Need a battery management system (BMS). Thermal management is needed. Specific voltage> 300 volts. Typical efficiency> 20-60 kWh. 3 periods and little typical discharge current for durations of peak rate. Because these batteries are physically very large, heavy custom packaging needs and objectives fit the space available in the car.

Similarly, design and layout Pack Weight distribution should be integrated with chassis design for vehicle dynamics so as not disturb. These requirements are particularly important for mechanical passenger cars. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Battery Operating Requirements Provides lower engine capacity because the capacity of the battery compared with EVS is important with HEVs can be very small, weight savings. But over time the battery still the same as EV batteries may need to provide immediate energy. This means that small battery should provide more channels when called upon. Battery for a very wide range of the HEV configuration limits as well as adjust the car for performance requirements is necessary.

Some examples: Series hybrid - the engine uses only battery charged. Power system provides a variable speed transmission and electric motor provides total driving force. But the need to reduce capacity requirements EV battery battery charge has a similar engine topped. Parallel hybrid - both engine and electric motor provide power to the wheels. For various configurations to meet different operating conditions is possible. Electric motor taken by the load sharing 100% for zero based on operating conditions and design goals can limit. Battery capacity can be as low as 2 KWh, but it should give the strength of short-term boosts the acceleration and hill climbing for the very high currents will need to 40C.

Design goals that various EV and HEV battery specification are examples of impact: Ability to keep - this engine to run their most efficient constant speed just to keep the battery allows charged. Electric drive and variable power requires finished gearbox offers. This type of campaign was on the first diesel electric locomotives. Better efficiency fuel consumption which in turn automatically reduces exhaust reduces emissions. Efficiency boost - it uses battery power only, which otherwise would be lost to capture the regenerative braking. Captured energy for acceleration and hill climbing power increase is provided.

Limit increase:

It is basically an engine that uses the EV-up battery to prevent discharge of magnitude above the most. Stop / start method - to stop the engine when the vehicle traffic lights or in traffic is established temporarily to save fuel, etc. vehicle under battery power goes off and the engine is restarted when a preset speed until allows access. City and country law - in the city or heavy traffic while the vehicle used in EV mode, where it is most favorable, and a normal internal combustion be used as high speed or long distance highway driving to avoid engine allows the vehicle to limit the boundaries of EV. Multi mode - a combination of versatility in the growth mode can use up.

Capacity and energy:

Than on the operating methods, as various battery performance requirements within an economy will need to adjust, high speed, acceleration, capacity, load limits and take harmful emissions. Battery is an important product differences, that engine is like. Because of the very wide range of needs HEV operating there for a standard battery voltage, battery capacity and power to manage and specifications are intended result of the application class game available exclusively for custom battery must have been designed.

Some specific requirements are as follows: Given to maximum power is made. High power up to 40C (salvation must) accept in repetitive shallow discharging and recharging rates too much. 1000 deep cycle and long life cycle from 400.000 to 1,000,000 cycles shallow. Between 15% and 50% Operating point regenerative braking allow for DOD. Never reaches full discharge. Rarely reaches full charge. Thermal management is needed. Drivers with fuel-gauging and complex equipment required for battery power management BMS regulate. Overall vehicle energy management requirements with interfacing.

Specific voltage> 144 volts.

Typical power> 40 kW (50 bhp).

Capacity, depending on application 1-10 kWh.

As above with EVS, shape, size and weight of battery packs should be consistent with the distribution vehicle. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) battery plugs Operating Requirements Batteries for plug in hybrid vehicles should satisfy conflicting performance requirements. In the case of hybrid vehicles generally high power traction batteries for high capacity in terms of pure electric vehicles are optimised for.

EV battery deep depth of discharge (DOD) while the long distance run for HEV down for a long life is on a shallow DOD. Plug in hybrids when charged or over the city and highway driving is to drive for the HEV as being used as both an EV has been created. Dual requirement for a generally increased the power range at a distance of forty miles, as well as lower fees in the state maintaining high power availability (see below), battery very stressful conditions apply. Such as an EV PHEV battery performance is expected both as a HEV.

Requires all large capacity battery electric range, which is called a cost and because the high cost consumers more about the battery life expectations can be satisfied using. Operating Cycle Battery Requirements While cycling is a workhorse in China, are usually 36 volt battery units. Entertainment in the U.S. and Europe, where bicycle more often, lighter, 24 volt battery is used for more popular. For convenient indoor charging module and designed as removable anti-theft as a precaution. 2 hours 5 Amps (based on a 240-360 voltage) for one hour journey to work should be permitted.

Lead acid with high efficiency as possible, says weight is not a limit on portability. Peak Current 15 Amps. 500 cycles or two-year minimum long lifetime. Marine Battery Operating Requirements Deep cycle battery is required. Capabilities and requires such extensive powers. Less weight. Terms are for a wide range of charging should be tolerant. Special environmental conditions. Material handling equipment Battery Operating Requirements Similar for EV applications, but as a common weight restrictions.

Practical traction batteries:

For over a century of lead acid batteries are a major source of energy for traction applications because they are both strong and relatively inexpensive. Fork Lift for Trucks, milk floats and similar applications iron out batteries, which are almost indestructible and has a life of over ten years has also been used successfully. More weight and bulk of these batteries in passenger cars, but their use is precluded.

But out in the 1970s sodium chloride (zebra) designed for traction applications since they are very high energy density batteries that can overcome this problem is likely to offer work started. Unfortunately the battery on the high temperature 270 degrees Celsius are gone and it should have limited his lap. Advent of high power out metal Hydride (NiMH) cells, both of which addressed the problems of weight and operating temperature of many motor vehicle manufacturers or EVS to start HEVs using NiMH batteries is encouraged.

Ambient temperature on NiMH cells. Lead acid cells and a high energy density power cells as the zebra is not as good. Recently, high power lithium ion cell of the high energy density NiMH cells, the same cells with zebra, become available. He also worked at normal temperature and just being introduced in the new electric vehicle design. These new high-energy cells but are more vulnerable to abuse and battery management systems, electronic support and the need to provide protection to ensure long life cycle.

Traction Battery Chargers:

High power high efficiency battery charging time to obtain appropriate chargers and should be compatible with the chemistry and cell chargers are able to interface with cell protection circuitry is essential. Just as a car battery to match, are custom designs and battery charger must match. More information can be found in the section on Chargers.